Some countries challenged the results as inaccurate and overly pessimistic, saying they would not force their weaker banks to raise new cash. Economists warned that the tests were insufficient because they did not simulate the main risk hanging over Europe, a default by Greece.

While markets were sanguine about the results — the euro barely moved — experts questioned whether the tests achieved their goal: restoring confidence in a sector that is carrying billions of bad debt from crisis-hit countries like Greece, Ireland and Portugal.

“The publication of these results will not assuage investors’ fears over the resilience of the EU banking sector,” said Marie Diron, senior economic adviser for Ernst & Young.

She said the tests were useful to single out particularly weak banks, but noted that a national debt default was “the single greatest risk facing the European banking sector at present.”

As it presented the results, the European Banking Authority said the failing banks should quickly raise a total of 2.5 billion euros to boost their capital cushions. The banks that barely passed were also asked to shore up their finances in coming months.

Spain, commonly seen as the next-weakest link in the 17-country eurozone, fared by far the worst in the tests. Five banks — Catalunya Caixa, Caja de Ahorros de Mediterraneo, Banco Pastor, Unnim and Group Caja3 — failed the test outright, while seven others barely scraped by. However, the number of banks that Spain tested was far higher than in all other countries.

The next in line was Greece, with two lenders — EFG Eurobank and government-owned ATEBank — flunking the tests and two others almost failing.

Austria’s Oesterreichische Volksbank AG was the only lender outside the crisis countries to not pass, though German Landesbank Helaba pulled out of the tests earlier this week, saying the EBA refused to take into account some of the capital it had set aside.

The European banking regulator’s decision to not count certain types of capital for its stress scenarios has come under fire from several countries and could become a major hurdle for the tests’ credibility.

German officials also questioned the tests’ results, saying they saw no reason for any of their banks to take action, even though two — HSH Nordbank AG and Norddeutsche Landesbank — fell into the “barely passed” category.

The EBA lacks the power to force banks to raise more capital — whether from investors or governments — or to make them merge or sell businesses. Only their national governments can do that, and analysts say the key to the stress tests is whether governments act on the results.

In addition to the Spanish, Greek and German banks that only barely passed, one bank in Slovenia, one in Italy, one in Cyprus, and two in Portugal also only just survived the EBA’s stress scenario.

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